Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases Based on the electronic theory of valency, the scientist G. N. Lewis proposed the electronic concept of acids and bases in 1923. In general …
Brønsted-Lowry Theory (Protonic Concept) To overcome the limitations of the Arrhenius theory, Danish chemist J. N. Brønsted and British chemist T. M. Lowry independently proposed a modern definition of acids …
Amagat’s Curve and Deviation of Real Gases Question: What is Amagat’s curve? Explain Amagat’s curve. Answer: To explain the behavior of real gases, French physicist Emile Amagat measured the volume …
Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory In 1887, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases, which is widely known as the Arrhenius Theory. Acid Chemical species that dissociate in aqueous …
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: In 1925, physicist W. Pauli proposed a principle regarding the position and distribution of electrons in different energy levels of an atom, which is recognized as Pauli’s …
Hund’s Rule: The rule for the distribution of electrons in degenerate orbitals (orbitals having the same energy level) based on the magnetic energy values of electrons was proposed by the …
Electronic Configuration of Atoms: The number of electrons in an atom is a distinct property, and its configuration provides a clear understanding of the characteristics of that atom. In accordance …
Derivation of Radius, Velocity, and Energy Equations for the n-th Orbit of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-like Atoms 1. Determination of the Radius of the n-th Orbit: Let the total positive charge …
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: From Bohr’s atomic model, we know that an electron is a particle with a tiny mass revolving in a circular path, which remains in a specific energy …
De Broglie’s Equation or the Concept of Dual Nature of Particles: In 1924, de Broglie proposed an equation to explain the particle and wave nature of electrons by combining Max …