BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of Water The BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) value is widely used to evaluate and compare the concentration of biodegradable organic pollutants present in surface water samples. …
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of Water The amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in a water sample under oxygen-saturated conditions at a specific temperature is defined as the DO (Dissolved Oxygen) of …
Purity Criteria of Surface Water Before using surface water for industrial and agricultural purposes, it is essential to determine its purity criteria. The primary parameters used to evaluate water quality …
The Kinetic Theory of Gases: Postulates and Background Origin of the Postulates of Kinetic Theory The various gases present in our atmosphere, such as N2, O2, CO2, and H2, exhibit …
Exceptional Behavior of Real and Ideal Gases: Questions & Answers Question 1: Under what conditions do real gases tend to show ideal behavior? Explain. Answer: Real gases behave ideally under …
Reasons for Real Gases Showing Ideal Behavior at Extremely Low Pressure and High Temperature For 1 mole of a real gas, the Van der Waals equation is given by: (P …
Deviation of Real Gases and Van der Waals Equation Question 3: Explain the causes of deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Or, Derivate the Van der Waals equation for …
Gas Behavior and Deviation from Ideal State Question 1: What do you understand by the Compressibility Factor (Z) of a gas? Definition: The ratio of the product of pressure and …
Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases Based on the electronic theory of valency, the scientist G. N. Lewis proposed the electronic concept of acids and bases in 1923. In general …
Brønsted-Lowry Theory (Protonic Concept) To overcome the limitations of the Arrhenius theory, Danish chemist J. N. Brønsted and British chemist T. M. Lowry independently proposed a modern definition of acids …